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Proba-3 launches tomorrow, ready to eclipse the Sun

In a fabulous feat of formation flying, the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Proba-3 mission, now set to launch Thursday morning, will fly two spacecraft 490 feet (150 meters, or one and a half football fields) apart, at a precision of just 0.04 inch (1 millimeter) — the width of a human fingernail.  The launch isContinue reading "Proba-3 launches tomorrow, ready to eclipse the Sun"

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December 2024: What’s in the Southern Hemisphere sky this month?

You don’t want to miss Jupiter this month. The giant planet reaches opposition and peak visibility December 7 against the stunning backdrop of Taurus the Bull. Shining at magnitude –2.8, Jupiter dominates the northeastern sky once darkness falls. Although the gas giant lies well north of the celestial equator — less than optimal for usContinue reading "December 2024: What’s in the Southern Hemisphere sky this month?"

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Is it time to rename the Hubble constant?

Most people associate the discovery that faraway galaxies are receding from us — and thus, that the universe is expanding — with Edwin Hubble, thanks to his landmark 1929 paper. It was one of the most fundamental discoveries in the history of science. But Hubble did not discover the expansion. In the 1910s, a LowellContinue reading "Is it time to rename the Hubble constant?"

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What is Vega’s smooth-surface secret?

Vega, located in the constellation Lyra, is the fifth-brightest star in the night sky. It is known to be surrounded a disk of particle debris that’s almost 100 billion miles (160 billion kilometers) in diameter. The star and its orbiting disk have been photographed countless times by several observatories and satellites, although it was onlyContinue reading "What is Vega’s smooth-surface secret?"

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Tsuchinshan, take a bow

Hao Liu, taken in Nanjing, China The name Tsuchinshan was on world’s lips this year when Comet C/2023 A3 — otherwise known as Comet Tsuchinshan-ATLAS — burst into naked-eye view. The name refers to Tuschinshan Observatory (or Purple Mountain Observatory), whose facility in Xuyi was the first to discover the comet. In this image, theContinue reading "Tsuchinshan, take a bow"

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Does dark matter affect our solar system?

Why do we not see effects of dark matter in our solar system and other nearby star systems? Curran RodeAmmannsville, Texas Dark matter refers to material that does not absorb, reflect, or emit any electromagnetic radiation. Astronomers have ascertained the existence of dark matter through the gravitational influence it exerts over visible matter. In fact,Continue reading "Does dark matter affect our solar system?"

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Venus may never have had oceans

The story of the inner early Solar System goes something like this: Billions of years ago, there were three rocky worlds with oceans of liquid water. Perhaps all three could have been primed for life. But as Mars lost its atmosphere and Venus’ atmosphere experienced a runaway greenhouse effect, only Earth could support life byContinue reading "Venus may never have had oceans"

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Satellites spy red-hot lava threaten Iceland's Blue Lagoon

Satellites watched bright burning lava surge toward Iceland's Blue Lagoon following a volcanic eruption on the Reykjanes Peninsula.

© NASA Earth Observatory images by Michala Garrison, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey and VIIRS day-night band data from the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership.

The Moon passes Saturn: This Week in Astronomy with Dave Eicher

In this episode, Dave Eicher invites you to observe the Moon passing by Saturn on the evening of December 7. Both objects at the time will be in the constellation Aquarius the Water-bearer. The Moon will be 43 percent illuminated, or nearly at its First Quarter phase. The Ringed Planet will lie 4 degrees toContinue reading "The Moon passes Saturn: This Week in Astronomy with Dave Eicher"

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Watch Jupiter’s moons in action this month

It may be cold this month, but now is a great time to get outside and explore Jupiter’s beauty and might. The fifth planet will not only reach opposition on Dec. 7, it will also be at perigee (closest to Earth) on Dec. 6, putting on its biggest and brightest show of the year. KnownContinue reading "Watch Jupiter’s moons in action this month"

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Festive astronomy products for everyone on your list

Universal manual Penguin Random HouseNew York, NY The beauty and science of space combine in the book Smithsonian Atlas of Space. This 400-page hardback, created by NASA’s Chief Historian Roger D. Launius, features illustrations, maps, and images detailing humanity’s understanding of the universe from ancient times to modern day. It also includes profiles of someContinue reading "Festive astronomy products for everyone on your list"

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December 2024: What’s in the sky this month? Jupiter reaches its best Northern Hemisphere opposition in a decade

Jupiter reaches its best apparition in a decade for northern observers and offers a wealth of detail. Joining in late evening is brilliant Mars, now a month from opposition. Saturn is visible in the early evening, along with Venus soon after sunset. Uranus and Neptune remain visible with binoculars, and Mercury makes a fine morningContinue reading "December 2024: What’s in the sky this month? Jupiter reaches its best Northern Hemisphere opposition in a decade"

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Best mech games of all time

Giant robots and piloted machines have been popular in science fiction for decades. If you want to be a mech jock yourself, these are the best mech games.

© EA / Respawn

Need a hand?

Behyar Bakhshandeh from Carlsbad, California Resembling an outstretched hand, the Helping Hand in Cassiopeia consists of the dark nebulae LDN 1355/7/8, which overlie a region of reflection nebulosity cataloged as LBN 643. This imager took 9 hours of exposure on a 4.2-inch scope in LRGB filters.

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See Jupiter at its best

If you have a telescope, or access to one, now’s the time to point it at Jupiter. The largest planet in our solar system reaches opposition December 7. That means it’s directly opposite the Sun from our viewpoint here on Earth. It rises at sunset, sets at sunrise, and is visible all night.  During theContinue reading "See Jupiter at its best"

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Firecrown opens revolutionary Space Store in Chattanooga

Chattanooga, Tennessee, is a favorite city of mine. Not only is it an incredibly beautiful place, with Moccasin Bend in the Tennessee River tucked near the downtown area, but breathtaking views of the whole region await from the towering plateaus of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, arranged neatly around the city’s perimeter. Moreover, for aContinue reading "Firecrown opens revolutionary Space Store in Chattanooga"

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The Sky This Week from November 29 to December 6: The Moon meets Venus

Friday, November 29Pegasus the Winged Horse might be the most well-known horse-themed star pattern in the sky, but he is not alone. Once you find Pegasus, slowly sinking in the west this evening after sunset, next locate Enif, the star that typically is drawn marking Pegasus’ nose or mouth. Just below (west of) this starContinue reading "The Sky This Week from November 29 to December 6: The Moon meets Venus"

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How the Moon can save Earth

Through the ages, humans have tried to preserve their knowledge and treasures in various repositories, and some of those storehouses have been massive in scale. The library of Ashurbanipal, assembled 700 years before the life of Jesus of Nazareth, is the oldest known collection of human knowledge. Ashurbanipal located his collection of 30,000 cuneiform tabletsContinue reading "How the Moon can save Earth"

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No small task

Team ShaRA; data acquired via Chilescope in Rio Hurtado, Chile The latest collaborative processing effort from Team ShaRA targets the Small Magellanic Cloud, working with 13.7 hours of data captured with a cooled CCD camera and 200mm f/2 Nikon lens operated by the Chilescope service. Numerous star-forming emission nebulae are visible, as are details inContinue reading "No small task"

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Japan's priceless asteroid Ryugu sample got 'rapidly colonized' by Earth bacteria

A sample of the asteroid Ryugu returned to Earth by the Hayabusa2 mission was rapidly colonized by terrestrial microorganisms, new research has revealed.

© Robert Lea (created with Canva)/NASA/JAXA, University of Tokyo, Kochi University, Rikkyo University, Nagoya University, Chiba Institute of Technology, Meiji University, Aizu University, AIST

How astronauts celebrate Thanksgiving in space

Astronauts aboard the International Space Station may be far from family and friends this Thanksgiving, but will still enjoy a festive meal. The SpaceX CRS-31 supply mission that docked Nov. 5 carried some 2,119 pounds (961 kilograms) of crew supplies. Among those supplies are holiday treats for the eight astronauts currently manning the station, whichContinue reading "How astronauts celebrate Thanksgiving in space"

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The Sombrero Galaxy doffs its cap to the power of JWST

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) shows off its infrared capabilities once again in new imaging of the well-known Sombrero Galaxy, otherwise known as Messier 104. By resolving the thickly textured dust clouds in the outer disk and toning down the brilliant central star glow, JWST shows a whole new side of the famous galaxy.Continue reading "The Sombrero Galaxy doffs its cap to the power of JWST"

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Magnetic tornadoes on Jupiter are spawning Earth-size storms

Magnetic vortices twisting down from Jupiter's ionosphere into its deep atmosphere cause giant, ultraviolet-absorbing polar anticyclones, each the size of our Earth.

© Troy Tsubota and Michael Wong (UC Berkeley)/Hubble Space Telescope

NASA picks SpaceX, Blue Origin to fly lunar rover and habitat to the Moon

NASA has picked SpaceX and Blue Origin to deliver a lunar rover and habitat to the moon within the next decade. The space agency last week announced it will assign two lunar cargo demonstration missions—one to each partner—under the companies’ contracts to build human landing systems (HLS) for the Artemis moon mission program. SpaceX and Blue Origin are working under multibillion-dollar dealsContinue reading "NASA picks SpaceX, Blue Origin to fly lunar rover and habitat to the Moon"

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This black hole is gulping material 40 times faster than the theoretical limit

For decades, astronomers have puzzled over how the supermassive black holes residing in the center of galaxies form. Now, researchers may have found the biggest clue yet to how these monstrous objects — weighing millions of solar masses — came to exist.  An international team used the James Webb Space Telescope’s (JWST) high sensitivity toContinue reading "This black hole is gulping material 40 times faster than the theoretical limit"

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On the plate

Michael Sussman/Warren Keller The Fish Head Nebula (IC 1795) lies at the corner of the Heart Nebula (Sharpless 2–190) in Cassiopeia, forming a large stellar nursery laced with dark dust lanes. The imagers collected 27.6 hours of data in SHO filters with a 5-inch scope.

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Uranus and Neptune have weird magnetic fields — this might be why

In 1986 and 1989, Voyager 2 made the final two stops on its grand tour of the outer solar system when it swept by Uranus and Neptune, respectively. Now, nearly 40 years later, the archive of data the craft collected is still returning unexpected results.  In a paper published today in PNAS, astronomer Burkhard MilitzerContinue reading "Uranus and Neptune have weird magnetic fields — this might be why"

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Chang’e 6 shakes up our knowledge of the Moon’s farside

China’s lunar exploration program continues to rack up impressive scientific results. Their methodical progression of lunar orbiters, landers, and sample return missions display a consistent national effort to explore and understand the Moon in the 21st century. Unlike the early American and Russian lunar probes at the dawn of the Space Age that often endedContinue reading "Chang’e 6 shakes up our knowledge of the Moon’s farside"

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How long would it take for an observer using binoculars to notice the Moon’s terminator moving?

With the Moon’s terminator moving almost 10 mph (16 km/h) across its equator, how long would it take for an observer using binoculars to notice a change in lunar features? Gary GarcharSan Jose, California The lunar terminator, the sunset/sunrise line that sweeps across the Moon’s surface as the Moon orbits Earth, travels at a rateContinue reading "How long would it take for an observer using binoculars to notice the Moon’s terminator moving?"

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Best Predator games of all time

If it bleeds, we can kill it. But what about donning the mask and playing as the alien hunter instead? These are the best Predator video games.

© Illfonic

Dark energy sheds light on life in the cosmos

In the 1960s, celebrated radio astronomer Frank Drake proposed his eponymous equation, which attempted to wrangle with the probability of finding extraterrestrial life — at least, the kind that we could identify through radio broadcasts — somewhere out there in the universe. One of the key parameters of that formulation is the rate of starContinue reading "Dark energy sheds light on life in the cosmos"

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The Lion’s markings

David Gluchowski, taken from Brooklyn, New York The Lion Nebula (Sharpless 2–132) is a faint emission nebula lit by young hot stars; their winds and radiation are expanding outward, forming shock waves that comprise many of the lion’s features. This shot also accentuates the play of light and shadow around the lion’s “head”. The imagerContinue reading "The Lion’s markings"

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String theory is not dead yet

Scientists seeking the secrets of the universe would like to make a model that shows how all of nature’s forces and particles fit together. It would be nice to do it with Legos. But perhaps a better bet would be connecting everything with strings. Not literal strings, of course — but tiny loops or snippetsContinue reading "String theory is not dead yet"

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JWST spots more light than expected in the early universe

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is well-known for discovering young, bright galaxies in the very early universe. How such regions, bursting with stars, formed so quickly and survived is enticing researchers to rethink cosmic evolution.    A recent study published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters uses JWST data to probeContinue reading "JWST spots more light than expected in the early universe"

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The Sky This Week from November 22 to 29: Venus lingers long after sunset

Friday, November 22Last Quarter Moon occurs at 8:28 P.M. EST, leaving most of the evening dark for deep-sky observing.  About two hours after sunset, you’ll find the Great Square of Pegasus high in the southeastern sky. The Winged Horse is home to a fabulous globular cluster, M15, which just barely hits naked-eye magnitude at 6.2.Continue reading "The Sky This Week from November 22 to 29: Venus lingers long after sunset"

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Uranus may not have a weird magnetic field after all

In 1986, Voyager 2 flew by the ice giant Uranus. It was humanity’s first close-up view of the outer planet, and it remains the closest any spacecraft has ever come. On this trip, the spacecraft found 10 previously undiscovered moons, two rings, and a truly bizarre magnetic field that has baffled scientists ever since. MostContinue reading "Uranus may not have a weird magnetic field after all"

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How Comet ATLAS fizzled out

When comet C/2024 S1 (ATLAS) was first discovered in late September, it was almost immediately identified as a member of the Kreutz family of Sun-grazing comets. But it was highly unusual for a Kreutz comet — virtually all of these are only discovered in their last hours or days of existence, as they plunge towardContinue reading "How Comet ATLAS fizzled out"

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خاموشی دور از انتظار؟

با استفاده از مطالعه‌ی جمعیت ستاره‌ای۱ کهکشان‌ها می‌توان آن‌ها را به دو دسته‌ی کلی ستاره‌زا۲ و غیرستاره‌زا یا خاموش۳ طبقه‌بندی کرد. دسته‌ی اول شامل کهکشان‌هایی است که جوان و در حال ستاره‌زایی هستند و دسته‌ی دوم کهکشان‌هایی را شامل می‌شود که ستاره‌زایی در آن‌ها متوقف شده است و جمعیت ستاره‌ای پیرتری دارند. یکی از اهداف اصلی تلسکوپ فضایی جیمز وب۴، پاسخ به یکی از چالش‌برانگیزترین سوالات در مطالعه‌ی ساختار و تحول کهکشان‌ها است: چگونگی شکل‌گیری سریع جرم کهکشان‌ها در یک بازه‌ی زمانی بسیار کوتاه، پایان یافتن ستاره‌زایی آن‌ها و قرار گرفتن آن‌ها در دسته‌ی خاموش یا غیرستاره‌زا.

بر اساس تئوری‌های موجود در زمینه‌ی تحول کهکشان‌ها پیش‌بینی می‌شود که برای مصرف تمام گاز مورد نیاز برای ستاره‌زایی به زمانی از مرتبه‌ی میلیارد سال نیاز است (هر چند عواملی مانند بادهای‌ ستاره‌ای۵، بازخورد هسته‌ی فعال کهکشانی۶، ادغام‌۷ و برهم‌کنش با دیگر کهکشان‌ها می‌توانند این فرآیند را تسریع کنند). در نتیجه انتظار می‌رود با نگاه کردن به فواصل دورتر (نگاه به گذشته در زمان) شاهد تعداد کم‌تری از کهکشان‌های خاموش باشیم.

نویسندگان این مقاله با استفاده از داده‌های به دست آمده از طیف‌سنج فروسرخ نزدیک تلسکوپ فضایی جیمز وب (NIRSpec) حضور یک کهکشان خاموش به نام GS-9209 با جرم ستاره‌ای نزدیک به ۳۸ میلیون برابر جرم خورشید در انتقال به سرخ‌ ۴/۶۵۸، تنها ۱/۲۵ میلیارد سال بعد از انفجار بزرگ۸ را گزارش می‌کنند. بر اساس مطالعات انجام شده توسط این گروه به نظر می‌رسد تمام جرم ستاره‌ای این کهکشان تنها در یک بازه‌ی زمانی ۲۰۰ میلیون ساله، قبل از به پایان رسیدن فعالیت ستاره‌زایی در انتقال به سرخ ۶/۵ معادل با زمانی که عمر کیهان تنها ۸۰۰ میلیون سال بوده‌است، تشکیل شده باشد.

در این مقاله، نویسندگان خطوط جذبی طیف کهکشان GS-9209 را مطالعه کرده‌اند. بررسی خطوط جذبی طیف‌ کهکشان‌ها، یکی از روش‌های مطالعه‌ی تاریخچه‌ی خاموشی کهکشان‌های ستاره‌زا است. تصویر۱ طیف کهکشان GS-9209 را که توسط تلسکوپ فضایی جیمز وب رصد شده‌است، نشان می‌دهد. این طیف در بازه‌ی طول موجی۵/۱ -۱/۷میکرومتر قرار دارد که شامل تعداد زیادی خطوط جذبی بالمر۹ (خط جذبی حاصل از گذار الکترون از تراز۲ به ترازهای بالاتر) است. طیف به دست آمده از این کهکشان خاموش با حضور این خطوط جذبی بالمر شباهت بسیار زیادی به طیف ستارگان نوع A داشته که با استفاده از آن‌ها می‌توان تحولات ستاره‌زایی را در طول زمانی از مرتبه‌ی حدود ۱۰۰ میلیون سال بررسی کرد. به بیان ساده‌تر، این ستارگان اطلاعات مربوط به تغییرات ستاره‌زایی در طی ۱۰۰ میلیون سال اخیر را در بر دارند. حضور این جمعیت ستاره‌ای یادآور کهکشان‌های پساستاره‌زا۱۰ در انتقال به سرخ‌های پایین‌تر و نشان‌دهنده‌ی پایان ستاره‌زایی در یک بازه‌ی کوتاه، در حدود طول عمر ستارگان نوع A بر روی رشته‌ی اصلی است. نویسندگان این مقاله برای تعیین عمق هر کدام از این خطوط جذبی پهنای-هم‌عرض۱۱ این خطوط را گزارش می‌کنند (پهنای-هم‌عرض معیاری است که شدت یک خط جذبی را توصیف می‌کند). مطالعه‌ی پهنای-هم‌عرض خطوط مشاهده شده‌ی جذبی سری بالمر و پهن‌شدگی نسبی خط نشری نیتروژن-۲ نسبت به خط نشری پهن شده‌‌ی هیدروژن-آلفا (حاصل از گذار الکترون برانگیخته از تراز ۳ به ۲) به ترتیب نمایان‌گر غالب بودن جمعیت‌ ستاره‌ای در پیوستار و حضور هسته‌ی فعال کهکشانی است.

شکل ۱. طیف گرفته‌شده از GS-9209 با استفاده از طیف‌سنج تلسکوپ فضایی جیمز وب در ناحیه‌ی فروسرخ نزدیک. خط سیاه مدل‌ به دست آمده از کد Bagpipes برای برازش بر روی خطوط جذبی و نشری موجود در طیف را نمایش می‌دهد. این کد با بهره‌گیری از آمار بیز و همچنین در برداشتن فرضیات گسترده در مورد تاریخچه‌ی ستاره‌زایی برای مدل سازی طیف کهکشان‌ها استفاده می‌شود.

شکل ۱. طیف گرفته‌شده از GS-9209 با استفاده از طیف‌سنج تلسکوپ فضایی جیمز وب در ناحیه‌ی فروسرخ نزدیک. خط سیاه مدل‌ به دست آمده از کد Bagpipes برای برازش بر روی خطوط جذبی و نشری موجود در طیف را نمایش می‌دهد. این کد با بهره‌گیری از آمار بیز و همچنین در برداشتن فرضیات گسترده در مورد تاریخچه‌ی ستاره‌زایی برای مدل سازی طیف کهکشان‌ها استفاده می‌شود.

شکل ۲. نرخ ستاره‌زایی کهکشان GS-9209 بر اساس تابعی از زمان. طبق این نمودار، کهکشان GS-9209، عمده‌ی جمعیت ستاره‌ای خود را طی یک بازه‌ی زمانی ۲۰۰ میلیون ساله، از حدود ۶۰۰ تا ۸۰۰ میلیون سال پس از انفجار بزرگ شکل داده‌است.

شکل ۲. نرخ ستاره‌زایی کهکشان GS-9209 بر اساس تابعی از زمان. طبق این نمودار، کهکشان GS-9209، عمده‌ی جمعیت ستاره‌ای خود را طی یک بازه‌ی زمانی ۲۰۰ میلیون ساله، از حدود ۶۰۰ تا ۸۰۰ میلیون سال پس از انفجار بزرگ شکل داده‌است.

مطالعات خط نشری پهن شده‌ی هیدروژن-آلفا و نیتروژن-۲ بر روی طیف کهکشان GS-9209 نشان می‌دهد که این کهکشان دربردارنده‌ی یک ابرسیاه‌چاله‌۱۲ با جرمی ۴-۵ برابر جرم قابل انتظار برای کهکشان‌هایی با جرم ستاره‌ای مشابه GS-9209 است. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده از بررسی تاریخچه‌ی ستاره‌زایی در این کهکشان، میانگین نرخ ستاره‌زایی این کهکشان در ۱۰۰ میلیون سال گذشته تقریبا برابر با صفر است و این کهکشان را در دسته‌بندی غیرستاره‌زا قرار می‌دهد. بررسی بیش‌تر بر روی پیشینه‌ی فعالیت این ابرسیاه‌چاله‌، بازخورد فعالیت‌های ناشی از هسته‌ی فعال کهکشانی را یکی از دلایل احتمالی برای توقف ستاره‌زایی در این کهکشان می‌داند. هسته‌ی فعال کهکشانی باعث گرمایش گاز سرد (سوخت اصلی ستاره‌زایی) شده و کهکشان‌ها را از حالت فعال ستاره‌زایی به حالت غیرفعال تبدیل می‌کند. GS-9209 یک نمونه‌ی جالب توجه است که نشان می‌دهد تشکیل ساختارهای عظیمی مانند کهکشان‌ها، در همان یک میلیارد سال اولیه‌ی عالم و خاموشی ستاره‌زایی حداکثر تا ۸۰۰ میلیون سال بعد از انفجار بزرگ به خوبی صورت گرفته‌است.

 

۱. Stellar Population
۲. Star Forming
۳. Quiescent
۴. James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)
۵. Stellar Winds
۶.Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) Feedback
۷. Merger
۸. Big Bang
۹. Balmer Absorption Lines
۱۰. Post-Starburst Galaxies
۱۱. Equivalent Width
۱۲. Super Massive Blackhole

شکل بالای صفحه: گروه کهکشانی HCG 87. در این تصویر کهکشان‌های ستاره‌زا و غیرستاره‌زا دیده می‌شوند. منبع: ویکیپدیا

عنوان اصلی مقاله: A massive quiescent galaxy at redshift 4.658
نویسندگان: Adam C. Carnall et al
لینک اصلی مقاله: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.11413

گردآوری: فائزه اخلاقی‌منش

 

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This young, shrouded super-Neptune could help teach us how such planets form

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The past, present, and future of Boeing in space

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Trump to attend SpaceX Starship's 6th flight test today

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© Jonathan Newton/The Washington Post via Getty Images

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Lowell Observatory celebrates a monumental renewal

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Dark Matter at Cosmic Dawn

Author(s): Charles Day

Low-frequency radio observations could allow researchers to distinguish among several dark matter models, thanks to dark matter’s influence on the early Universe.


[Physics 17, s132] Published Tue Nov 19, 2024

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© Newton Henry Black/Wikimedia Commons

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JWST just found a black hole starving its host galaxy to death

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The Sky This Week from November 15 to 22: 2024’s last Super Moon occults the Pleiades

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How some black holes maintain long-distance relationships

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Could a supernova ever destroy Earth?

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© Mark Garlick/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

Top Black Friday space gifts at Walmart

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Could black holes create dark energy? 

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